Month: July 2024

Introduction

Bitcoin will revolutionize politics, not replace it.

Even if hyperbitcoinization were to become a reality with Bitcoin at the center of the monetary system that emerges from the ruins of the current fiat system, the state would remain the dominus of international relations. It would rise from the ruins of its predecessors, like a phoenix from its ashes.

As Max Weber wrote over a hundred years ago in his famous essay “Economy and Society,” the state will continue to utilize legal coercion and violence as its specific and distinctive means of action. This is due to its essence of being an aspiring monopolist of force internally and rex superiorem non recognoscentes externally.

Thanks to Bitcoin, the state will undergo new and diverse transformations, which are currently difficult to envision. It will undoubtedly face significant challenges and reductions compared to its present state, encompassing changes in geographical reach, resources, competencies, and ambitions. Nevertheless, even with the desires of anarcho-capitalists and the staunchest libertarians, the state will not completely vanish as a societal organizational structure.

While the voluntary, transactional, and cooperative aspects of human interactions may dominate in a hyperbitcoinized world, they will not be the exclusive components.

There will always be individuals who choose to resort to force to assert their beliefs, simply because it is a feasible and convenient option. Furthermore, a certain level of violence is inherent to our nature as beings with animal instincts, and as long as humans inhabit this planet, violence will exist. Consequently, as long as violence persists, there will be efforts to organize, legitimize, and regulate it. This leads to the inevitable ‘historical necessity’ of the state as a regulator and concentrator of power among individuals. Whether originating from a social pact among equals, imposed from above through annexation or invasion, or emerging from an anarchic “man is a wolf to man” scenario where the strongest dominates and seizes control, the state has evolved through various forms over time – from tribal societies to nation-states to empires – and has been upheld by diverse political systems such as monocracy, oligarchy, democracy, and more.

The ‘new state’ in a global Bitcoin system will be stripped of extensive monetary power, significantly limiting its ability to accumulate debts and manipulate currency. Consequently, it will need to downsize in both scale and scope, reverting to its core functions: legislating, adjudicating, ensuring security, and providing defense. In an ideal scenario, it would resemble a minimalist state, such as the one favored by minarchists, voluntarily embraced by its citizens and founded on mutual consent. This envisioned state could be a small entity, akin to a city-state among many others, or a compact nation-state centered around religious, linguistic, ethnic, and moral identities that surely won’t fade away with the advent of a Bitcoin world.

This future trajectory suggests a global landscape reminiscent of past political examples such as medieval Italy with its city-states, or ancient China with its pre-imperial states, or sixth-century BC Greece with its poleis, or even the American West of the nineteenth century. Hopefully, with a much lower degree of political violence compared to the former examples thanks to a significantly higher average material well-being – a result of enormous technological progress that provides an abundance of goods, discouraging predatory human impulses driven by resource scarcity – and an unparalleled level of commercial and informational interconnectedness compared to historical precedents.

Technological progress has facilitated and will continue to facilitate communication as a solution to the prisoner’s dilemma and widespread trade as a beneficial alternative to war.

That being said, we should not expect perpetual peace as Kant envisioned. Interstate war will probably be rarer and a last resort in such an environment, but it will not be entirely excluded from the realm of possibilities. Some communities would still attempt to use coercive means to achieve their goals at the expense of their neighbors ending up in war. However, this infrequent occurrence will likely result in shedding less blood and resources than today, given the reduced capacity/economic power of the new state, as well as the prevailing interests in peaceful trade and the fresh historical memory of the fresh historical memory of the horrors of warfare and warfare states in our era.

Diplomacy and Blockchain

In this hypothetical context, with multitudes of small sovereign states, intense trade, and relative international anarchy, there will be a proliferation of diplomatic activities, a flourishing of bilateral and multilateral alliances, and this is where the Bitcoin network will come again into play. What better place for states to ratify and archive agreements and treaties than on Bitcoin’s layer 1?

Diplomatic negotiations indeed share many similarities with commercial ones. In one case, they revolve around bargaining between states and treaties; in the other, they revolve around contracts. Just as contracts are not concluded in the absence of trust among merchants, treaties are not ratified without trust among states. Therefore, a certain degree of trust is not only essential in private economic dealings but also in political-diplomatic relations.

In a world that is much more politically decentralized and splintered than the current one, where every monetary transaction will be based on ‘trust’ in the Bitcoin blockchain or its higher abstractions, and where the security and inviolability of the code will be guaranteed by a massive amount of energy and the largest network of computers ever seen, it would be quite reasonable for newly formed states to choose it as the place to store their legally binding relationships. But how?

One could rely on the ordinal theory of Bitcoin to develop a dedicated standard for digital signatures originating from wallets/pubkeys belonging to sovereign states and build from this an ‘official’ protocol for the ratification, registration, and amendment of international treaties on the layer 1 of Bitcoin that is universally recognized through a consensus criterion by the network nodes and as a customary law among sovereign states.

Why specifically the Bitcoin Layer 1?

In addition to its symbolic value as the cornerstone of the future international monetary system, the Bitcoin native blockchain offers many practical advantages as a platform to record international treaties. These include its inherent characteristics such as publicity and traceability (monitorability), immutability, ordinality (the timestamp mechanism to obtain a specific date for each transaction), and last but not least, neutrality (as a public good usable by anyone, owned by no one, and therefore not subject to influence).

Looking ahead, an additional benefit could be its costliness due to the increase in transaction fees. This would give more weight and value, compared to today, to what is agreed upon between parties and recorded on it (similar to positional goods).

By considering the possibility of constructing tree structures of ‘smart-treaties’ on the higher layers of Bitcoin dependent on events (transactions) occurring on the main blockchain or other layers, we can see how the flexibility of this tool can expand the options and functionalities of current diplomatic treaties. This expansion can make them highly detailed and interactive, thus effective and adaptable to a highly fragmented and complex international political system.

Conclusions

In conclusion, using Bitcoin blockchain as a decentralized ledger for inscribing and archiving international treaties and agreements could offer numerous advantages in terms of publicity, traceability, immutability, neutrality, costliness, and programmability. This technology could revolutionize how international agreements are written, managed, updated, and monitored, ensuring greater security, transparency, and trust among the parties involved. These improvements, in turn, should promote collaborative behaviors (as game theory teaches) and thus reduce the risk of interstate conflicts, maximizing the benefits for all members of the future international relations system.

On September 4, 2001, Winod Parbhoe was murdered in cold blood.

The entrepreneur, who was the founder of the Suriname Palace Casino, an establishment he co-owned with CCA Companies Incorporated (Conserver Corporation of America), was shot two times in the chest and once in the neck in a drive-by shooting, resulting in his death at the age of 36.

Preceding the shooting, Parbhoe had blown the whistle about how millions of dollars were being siphoned out of his business’ bank account at De Surinaamsche Bank (DSB), the largest bank in the country aside from the country’s central bank.

He had gone to the head of the DSB, the Central Bank of Suriname, the country’s Foreign Exchange Commission, the Minister of Justice (the current President of Suriname) and even the CIA to report that his funds were being drained from his business account.

Not only did no one help resolve the issue, but he was killed soon after making the complaint.

The case is still unsolved, and it’s been reported to be one of the largest injustices in Suriname’s history.

Parbhoe left behind a wife and one daughter — Maya Parbhoe, a then 13-year-old girl.

Maya Parbhoe with her father, Winod Parbhoe.

Like Father, Like Daughter

Maya Parbhoe, CEO of the Bitcoin startup Daedalus Labs and a member of the boards of two other companies she started — Quickship Logistics and Icarus Geo — inherited her father’s business acumen as well as his inability to stomach corruption.

Before explaining how she’s tapping into both in an effort to become the next President of Suriname, it’s important to understand the role her family has played in Suriname’s history and the impact this has had on her.

Parbhoe comes from a legacy of gifted businesspeople who helped develop Suriname, a former Dutch colony with a population of about 600,000 located on the northern coast of South America.

“My grandfather is actually the one that started as an entrepreneur here,” Parbhoe told Bitcoin Magazine.

“He migrated to the city and started his first business, a department store where they would sell brands like Kenwood, Siemens and Sony. It became the largest department store in the country, and it made us one of the wealthiest families in the country, if not the wealthiest,” she added.

Parbhoe’s grandfather also invested heavily in real estate and other companies.

Parbhoe with her grandparents.

When he passed away in the mid-1990s, Parbhoe’s father, Winod, took over the businesses and properties. Between what Winod inherited and what he started on his own, the Parbhoe family was doing very well by the turn of the millennium.

“We had our own airline. We had a wood processing plant. We had a fish farm,” explained Parbhoe.

“We had two buildings in the city and one other massive building. My dad had a lot of real estate, because it was multi-generational,” she added.

Parbhoe also recalled her father being “very much into math and tech,” much like her grandfather. Winod Parbhoe stayed in the know when it came to new technology. He would be the first to test it out and then distribute it via the department store.

The Details Of Winod Parbhoe’s Death

Winod’s success gave him the opportunity to travel. In the late-1990s, he went to New York City, where he saw the Plaza Hotel. It inspired him to build something similar in Suriname.

To make his vision a reality, he and his brother, Ghautam Dharmindre Parbhoe, partners in a company called Parbhoe’s Handelmaatschappij, teamed up with Dorsett Resorts and Hotels, a company that was acquired in 2001 by Conserver Corporation of America, which was then publicly-traded on the New York Stock Exchange.

“My father bought US$500,000 in stock just to be in shareholder meetings,” shared Parbhoe.

Winod Parbhoe entered into a joint venture with Dorsett Resorts and Hotels under the name Suriname Leisure Company, A.V.V.. Their first order of business was to remodel a building that Parbhoe owned to turn it into a hotel with a casino.

“During that remodel, somewhere along the way, Dorsett put a local manager here,” Parbhoe explained. That local manager was a New Zealander named Jeffrey Clague. He also became the general manager of the casino once it opened.

The people and entities involved with Suriname Leisure Company, A.V.V.

“The deal was that my dad was going to remodel the casino, facilitate the building of it, and then they would come in with the equipment and with skills and talent,” Parbhoe explained. “Then, somewhere along the way, the [manager from Dorsett] started bribing the CEO and COO of De Surinaamsche Bank to funnel funds from our accounts to foreign accounts.”

Who Killed Winod Parbhoe?

Parbhoe claims the funds were illegally funneled from Winod’s bank account to a BNY Mellon account to the US to finance weapons for FARC, a guerrilla rebel group in Colombia.

Clague was siphoning funds locally to Sarkis Songhanalian, an infamous arms dealer known as “the merchant of death,” famous for selling arms to rebels in Lebanon, Nicaragua, Colombia and other countries in conflict, according to Parbhoe.

Parbhoe claims that it was two Colombian hitmen that killed her father. This was verified by an eye witness for the murder who was told by the shooter not to speak about the shooting, according to Parbhoe.

Winod Parbhoe pressed civil and criminal charges against the DSB. The bank was convicted in the criminal case, but Parbhoe lost the civil case, which entered into appeal at the highest court of justice in Suriname in mid-June 2024.

In 2007, Clague was convicted of illegally transferring US$14.5 million in the casino’s profits. However, in 2008, Suriname’s Appeals Court reversed the ruling because Clague “had not been properly served,” according to the US Department of State.

No one involved with the murder of Parbhoe’s father was ever brought up on charges.

The Repercussions

Once the dust had settled around Parbhoe’s father’s death, Maya and her mother learned that they’d been wiped out. “We basically lost everything,” said Parbhoe.

“There’s an independent accounting institution for the country called the Centrale Landsaccountantsdienst, and they did an independent study which confirmed that funds were funneled from our accounts to the tune of US$16.4 million,” she added.

Parbhoe then went into greater detail about why her family never saw that money again.

“We lost the civil suit [initially] because the judge was bought off,” said Parbhoe.

“But then it went into appeal. But what happened is what we call in the Dutch system is a ‘bottom procedure,’ which means it takes a long time — over 20 years — to reach a resolution,” she explained.

On June 11, 2024, the court ruled that Parbhoe and her mother have no claims to the funds.

On June 11th 2024, a corrupt judge protected the Surinaamsche Bank from bankruptcy, disregarding the burden of evidence provided by the Country’s Independent Accounting Authority and by my family.

A new judge, assigned at the very last moment to a case that was started 25 years…

— Maya Parbhoe (@MayaPar25) June 26, 2024

Parbhoe claims there was corruption at play again. She shared how a “new, young judge” was appointed to the appealed case “at the last minute,” replacing the judge who’d become familiar with the case over years.

“He decided that we have no interest,” said Parbhoe of the new judge. “It’s like someone bought the judge off again.”

Entrenched Injustice

Parbhoe explained that what happened with this case happens often in Suriname, especially these days.

She said that the country’s Attorney General, Garcia Paragsingh, isn’t currently even prosecuting cases involving the country’s current President, and that even if she were, it wouldn’t have much effect, as the corruption in the country goes all the way to its top officials.

The former President of Suriname, Desiré Bouterse, has been sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment for murdering 15 political opponents from the country’s then military regime in 1982 and isn’t permitted into the US due to the crimes he committed.

He’s yet to turn himself in to serve that sentence, though, and the authorities haven’t arrested him.

The country’s Vice President, Ronnie Brunswijk, has been convicted of drug trafficking.

Parbhoe explained that her family is appealing the civil case her father started again and that it will go to the highest court of justice in the country, the equivalent of the Supreme Court in the US, where three judges will rule on the case. She believes that her family has a better shot at winning this appeal, as it is harder to bribe three judges as opposed to one.

However, while Parbhoe isn’t outright pessimistic about what might happen as a result of this appeal, she also isn’t hopeful.

“I had a little bit of hope left that, you know, justice would be served on June 11, but it wasn’t,” she said.

She went on to share that she’s been quiet about this, but that after June 11 she’s no longer willing to remain silent about the injustice in her country.

“I’m tired of them covering things up and just corruption in general,” said Parbhoe. “That’s where the urge to fight corruption and injustice stems from — it’s something that has affected me and my family so closely ever since I was a kid.”

Parbhoe and Her Single Mother

Because of the money that was funneled out of her father’s bank account and because of “corrupt notary practices,” as Parbhoe put it, she and her mother not only lost all of the money in the bank account, but all of their assets, as well.

Almost overnight, Parbhoe and her mother went from being on top of the world financially to having almost nothing to their names.

“We lost everything. My mom and I would go from place to place, from family member to family member, for two years,” Parbhoe explained.

Despite the challenges Parbhoe’s mother faced, she salvaged the small amount of funds she had left and ran a tax-free shop at the airport that her husband had started while making every effort to keep Parbhoe enrolled in the best schools.

Parbhoe and her mother.

“She made sure that I got the best education and could follow my dreams, because I was always a very weird, ambitious, nerdy kid, and I told her when I was six years old that I was going to Harvard, Princeton or Yale,” recounted Parbhoe. (Parbhoe didn’t end up attending one of these schools but did attend a certificate program at Oxford.) She also added that, by age six, she was assembling PCs.

For college, Parbhoe went to the Netherlands to study econometrics. By age 19, she’d returned to Suriname and was working three jobs — one of which was running what was then called GreyMic Imports, now called Quickship Logistics, an import company she’d founded when she was 15 with her mother’s help.

Parbhoe laying the first stone for the office of her first company GreyMic, now Quickship Logistics.

At that same time, she was able to get a mortgage to buy a house for her and her mother when a friend of her father’s helped her get a loan — at a 19% interest rate, which is common in Suriname. The two still live together in this house.

The Entrepreneur

Parbhoe and her mother saw their quality of life improve dramatically while Parbhoe was in her early-to-mid 20s. By 2015, when Parbhoe was 27, she was looking for a new challenge.

“The import company was growing at a rate of about 10%, and I wanted something that had the potential to make more than US$1 million in revenue,” said Parbhoe.

So Parbhoe founded her second company, Icarus Geo, with Sarish Genworth Serge Tjin Wong Joe, a civil engineer who was 15 years her elder. The two began to work on building infrastructure such as roads, dams, dikes and ports.

“We had Newmont as our first customer, which is the eighth largest gold mine in the world,” shared Parbhoe. “We did all the roads for Newmont.”

Things quickly accelerated, as Icarus Geo began acquiring bigger and bigger contracts, helping Parbhoe meet her revenue goal sooner than she’d anticipated.

“We scaled that company pretty quickly from US$800,000 in revenue in the first year to like US$5.8 million the third year, right before COVID,” Parbhoe explained. “We reached my goals pretty quickly.”

The company now builds public roads in both Suriname and Guyana, according to Parbhoe.

With some money in her pocket, Parbhoe began to think about what type of company to build next. She wanted to solve a problem while tapping into her love for technology and capital markets.

“I was looking at the problems I faced throughout my life and as an entrepreneur,” she recalled. “I saw US companies being able to scale and being able to get investments so easily, and I saw an opportunity in Suriname because we don’t have a capital market.”

For context, she explained that there are 11 publicly-traded companies in Suriname that are all owned by the same group of people.

“Our capital market is a laptop with an Excel sheet that goes around once a month,” she said with a chuckle.

OuroX

Parbhoe enrolled in Oxford’s Fintech Programme in efforts to broaden her network and develop the vision for her next company.

The course itself didn’t do much for Parbhoe: “It was like blockchain bullshit with all that VC fluff in there,” she said.

However, she was selected by her professors to join the Oxford Fintech Lab, which helps entrepreneurs like herself build finance-related startups from the ground up.

Parbhoe with her cohort at the Oxford Fintech Lab.

This helped her build her next company, OuroX, a spot securities exchange platform designed to cater to investors in Latin American and the Caribbean, according to the description of the company on Pitchbook.

Parbhoe intended for OuroX to scale to the size of FTX, giving the people of Suriname access to capital markets in the process.

She said that the intention was to “lower the barrier to entry and create a capital market without needing the traditional financial system or infrastructure.”

OuroX planned to do this by utilizing the Liquid Network and lowering the minimum amount required for investment.

Parbhoe worked with AlphaPoint to launch the platform, and she had brought the governor of Suriname’s Central Bank, Robert van Trikt, into the fold as she tried to get her country integrated with international capital markets.

They were set to issue a $190 million bond issuance for Suriname’s state oil refinery — the only profitable state-run enterprise in the country — in January 2020 when van Trikt was prosecuted and locked up for money laundering alongside the country’s Minister of Finance.

By May, a new governor was installed, but he wasn’t very tech-savvy, according to Parbhoe. The new minister of finance understood the technology better than the central bank’s governor, but asked Parbhoe to hold off on advancing the project so that he could focus on Suriname’s program with the IMF first. Parbhoe felt strongly that Suriname didn’t need approval or assistance from the IMF, though.

“It’d been an IMF mandate since 2011 to develop the capital market,” explained Parbhoe, who felt that she could help the country meet this mandate without assistance from the organization.

Parbhoe had worked with all of the banks and financial institutions in the country. While she admits that most of them didn’t comprehend what she was trying to do, the Minister of Finance understood her vision and remained supportive — at least for some time.

Parbhoe lost his support when he had to step down in the wake of his son-in-law shooting his grandson right before he uncovered a massive money-laundering fraud (“You can’t make this shit up,” said Parbhoe).

The Minister of Finance who then replaced him wasn’t pro-innovation and couldn’t focus on working with Parbhoe as he was sidetracked in having to deal with government corruption.

In September 2022, Parbhoe was done waiting for the government to see her vision and was fed up with being targeted for speaking out against the government’s corruption.

“I was getting threats at the time, because I was being too much of a political activist, saying things against the central bank, [speaking out] against money laundering,” she explained.

“I wanted to innovate. I wanted to create. So, I went to Switzerland and met my first investor there,” she added.

According to Parbhoe, this investor suggested she take a step back from fighting the powers that be in Suriname and told her to keep her mind open.

“Maybe in a year you’ll be working on something completely different,” Parbhoe said the investor told her.

This marked the end of Parbhoe’s attempt to get OuroX off the ground.

Daedalus Labs

After realizing that she couldn’t stop the government from working against her in Suriname, she incorporated a new company, Daedalus Labs, in Bermuda in May 2023.

Parbhoe incorporated the company abroad to distance herself from the Surinamese government and its hindrances, so that she could focus on building a Bitcoin-focused technology company that solved a real-world problem without interference.

The first product she’s created through Daedalus is RESIN, a uniquely-structured real estate investment trust (REIT) that leverages bitcoin to help people acquire property and/or own shares of a property via shares of the REIT.

Here’s how it works:

If users want to buy a property, they pay monthly into a rent-to-own model, similar to making a mortgage payment or paying rent. RESIN then converts that payment into bitcoin.

On the backend, when RESIN purchases a property for the REIT portfolio, it acquires an amount of bitcoin equal to the dollar value of the property it acquired.

This allows RESIN to 1.) Not charge an interest rate when helping people obtain property and 2.) Not require a down payment from property buyers.

RESIN leverages the Liquid Network to make it easier for shareholders to trade shares of the REIT.

“Everyone that’s purchasing a property becomes a part of the community in the REIT,” says Parbhoe.

“They become a shareholder in the REIT, as well. They get the benefits of bitcoin. Think of it similarly to what MicroStrategy is doing by issuing shares and using that fiat to be able to acquire bitcoin. We use the properties of bitcoin to optimize how you actually own property. So, you don’t need a downpayment. You simply need to pay monthly,” she added.

Why did Parbhoe create a company that does such a thing? She wants to eliminate the need for people to use banks and help people to stop living a “double life,” as she put it.

“Since 2009 (when Bitcoin was invented), we have not been able to get rid of the banks,” said Parbhoe.

“Bitcoin has evolved, scaled and grown, but how do you get people free of a bank? The only way to really get people free of banks is to get them free of their mortgage,” she added.

Parbhoe explained that we still have to live a double life — a Bitcoin life and a fiat life — because of mortgages.

“We’re not really free because we’re still dependent on that traditional financial system,” she posited. “[I want to] change the incentive model for real estate and make it possible for anyone to be able to buy a house without needing a credit rating, without needing like 40% down payment.”

Parbhoe highlighted the fact that younger generations can’t afford to buy houses, a trend which she said is a trend that’s even worse in Latin America, where 20% of the population doesn’t have access to a mortgage. She also pointed out the interest rate for mortgages in Suriname is still quite high —19% — the same rate she paid when she took out a mortgage for the home she purchased for her and her mother.

“You’re losing almost 20% a year in wealth that you could have created,” she said of the high interest rate. “It’s the stealing of wealth from people and guiding it towards these corrupt banks.”

Suriname On A Bitcoin Standard

Parbhoe is hellbent on taking power away from abusive institutions and giving it back to the people, and she believes that Bitcoin is one of the best tools that we have to do this. This is why she said it’s time to accelerate Bitcoin adoption.

“For the last year, I’ve been speaking at almost every conference, and all I hear is people talking about, ‘Yeah, maybe in 2030 [Bitcoin will be widely adopted],’” Parbhoe said.

Her response: “Dude, the world might be ended by nuclear war by 2030. What are you talking about? Bitcoin is already here. We know what it can do with the right amount of resources and the right strategy.”

“If we don’t want to race towards dystopia, we need to build towards utopia. Let’s start collectively fighting this battle, because we’re still a super minority,” she added.

Yearly inflation in Suriname is between 50% and 60% and the average salary in the country is about US$175 per month.

Because of this, the majority of the Surinamese people are in “survival mode,” Parbhoe claims. She added that people living in “survival mode” is not just a Surinamese problem right now but a global issue.

She believes wholeheartedly that people don’t have to be in survival mode, though, and that it’s the fiat system that’s causing this phenomenon.

For this reason, she’s proposing that Suriname move to a bitcoin standard as part of her platform for president of the country.

“We can have people earn in satoshis,” Parbhoe said.

“If they earn in sats, everything that is imported is going to decrease in price. We’re an import economy. Every supermarket here is Chinese. All the products in the supermarkets are Chinese,” she added.

“So, everything that’s imported is going to decrease in price and everybody’s salary in relation to foreign currency is going to keep increasing.”

She said she’d be happy to see people’s wealth increasing over time as opposed to it constantly deteriorating. She also noted that Bitcoin will help connect the Surinamese people to the world financially, as Suriname is currently isolated from the rest of the world when it comes to the traditional financial system.

“Our banking system is almost blacklisted,” explained Parbhoe.

“I think only one bank in the country has a correspondent bank. We’re isolated. We don’t have Visa or Mastercard on our debit cards. We don’t have a lot of [traditional] infrastructure, so we might as well use Bitcoin,” she added.

With all of this considered, Parbhoe believes Suriname has a “unique opportunity” to set an example that other countries can follow, much like the way El Salvador has.

The El Salvador Model

Parbhoe shared that she’s inspired to run for President thanks to the example set by El Salvador’s pro-Bitcoin president, Nayib Bukele.

“It was Bukele locking up 70,000 people, being able to affect change in one of the most dangerous countries — the murder capital of the world — that was a sign of hope,” explained Parbhoe.

She also highlighted just how quickly investment flowed into El Salvador under Bukele’s leadership and what that type of investment would do for a country like Suriname.

“El Salvador had a billion in investment in the first year [after it made bitcoin legal tender], just from the Bitcoin industry,” said Parbhoe.

“Imagine what effect that can have on a $3.8 billion GDP. It’s almost a quarter of our GDP,” she explained.

This isn’t to mention that the government’s using bitcoin would make its spending more transparent, making it more difficult for politicians to steal and launder funds.

Privatizing Suriname

Beyond putting Suriname on a bitcoin standard as President, Parbhoe also wants to privatize a lot of the industry in the country — with caution.

“It depends on how you structure the privatization,” explained Parbhoe.

“It depends on what kind of limitations you put on who can have how much of a percentage, for example, of a utility company or like a private hospital. You have to make sure that the foundation is solid and that the environment is proper for it to blossom and not become this American pharmaceutical industry type of problem,” she added.

The impetus for her argument seems to come less from a want to put industries in private hands and more from wanting to take them out of corrupt public hands.

“You don’t want too much government involvement because everything here that the government touches fails,” said Parbhoe. “Our airline is $140 million in debt because of government corruption.”

Parbhoe also noted that Suriname is in a unique position to have a small government given its relatively small population and large amount of natural resources.

“We have enough natural resources not to have to levy taxes,” she said.

“We have enough natural resources to actually develop this country and there are financial instruments like Bitcoin bonds we can issue [to do so],” added Parbhoe, ready to take another page from the Bukele playbook.

The Difficulties Of Running For President

Equipped with plenty of experience, especially for someone under the age of 40, and no shortage of bold ideas, will Maya Parbhoe simply waltz into the role of President of Suriname?

Not necessarily.

In case you haven’t realized thus far, corruption runs deep in Suriname. And going up against the powers that be in a country where leaders benefit immensely from this corruption will be no easy task, according to Parbhoe.

“There is an inherent threat, so running wasn’t a decision I made very lightly,” said Parbhoe.

While she didn’t spell out directly what this threat is, one can imagine that she has to strongly consider the potential repercussions of taking on the powers that be in Suriname after what happened to her father when he simply shined a light on one dimension of the corruption in the country.

She was encouraged to run by Samson Mow, founder and CEO of JAN3, a technology company focused on fostering Bitcoin adoption at the nation-state level. Mow met with Parbhoe while in Suriname on a trip in which he spoke with public officials and heads of companies in the countries about Bitcoin adoption.

But Parbhoe says it’s not just Mow who supports her — many in Suriname want her to run.

“I do think my odds are good because 90% to 98% of comments about me in the media have been positive,” shared Parbhoe. “People say I give them hope.”

With that said, Parbhoe is being quite realistic when it comes to what she’ll need to consider regarding both her and her family’s security.

And she’s well aware that she’ll need to fundraise from an international base to help her to compete in the election, which is scheduled for May 2025. She’s optimistic that these fundraising efforts will be fruitful in that she’ll be accepting donations in bitcoin and believes the Bitcoin community will support her. She’ll need it if she’s to compete with the candidates backed by the major political parties in the country, which have already amassed notable financial war chests, according to Parbhoe.

While Parbhoe has yet to disclose which political party she’ll be affiliated with, though, it doesn’t seem that it will be one of the major ones. She knows that this will create yet another challenge.

“The Dutch instilled something in Suriname — it’s like divide and conquer — even after the country’s independence 50 years ago,” explained Parbhoe.

“These political parties keep doing that. They’ve kept doing that for the last 50 years. They divide people according to race, and according to my purple party, my orange party, my green party,” she added.

“They still divide people and keep people uneducated — just sheep — sheep that they bring to slaughter just for votes without needing to develop the country because then they can steal hundreds of millions of dollars or billions of dollars and just put it in a Swiss bank account.”

Suriname As An Example For The World

Parbhoe mentioned more than once in my interview with her that she wants to get the Surinamese people out of “survival mode.”

To do this, she plans to replace the highly inflationary Surinamese dollar with bitcoin, root out the corruption that exists up to the highest levels of Surinamese government and successfully privatize most of the industry in the country.

Put simply, this seems like a near impossible task.

But maybe Maya Parbhoe — someone who’s bounced back in storybook fashion from her father’s murder and the subsequent loss of her family’s wealth at a young age to building multiple multi-million dollar businesses all while speaking out against corruption in her country — is up to the task.

And maybe with the support of the international Bitcoin community, she can help turn Suriname around the same way she has turned her own life around.

Despite the fact that she’s realistic about the challenges that lie ahead in her pursuit of the highest office in her country, her optimism is contagious.

“When this is successful, there won’t be any way of turning back, because it’ll be an example for the rest of the world,” said Parbhoe. “There is a huge opportunity for this country, and that’s something that we should be fighting for and supporting.”

U.S. Senator Marsha Blackburn (R-TN) has announced, in a press release sent to Bitcoin Magazine, that her re-election campaign now accepts cryptocurrency donations. This move comes as Blackburn’s campaign recently launched a page dedicated to Bitcoin donations.

“Our campaign is committed to meeting supporters where they are,” said Senator Blackburn. “As a growing number of Americans utilize digital currencies for everyday transactions, we are excited to take this next step and stay on the cutting edge of the 21st-century digital world.”

This announcement follows a recent trend of Bitcoin adoption among U.S. politicians. Just yesterday, Blackburn chaired the RNC Platform Committee that passed their 2024 platform draft, committing to defend the right to mine and self-custody Bitcoin. Congressman Matt Gaetz recently introduced a bill allowing federal income tax payments in Bitcoin. Additionally, former President Donald Trump also started accepting Bitcoin Lightning payments for campaign donations.

Earlier this year, Senator Blackburn told Bitcoin Magazine that the freedom and privacy aspects of Bitcoin are a “very good thing”, while advocating strongly against central bank digital currencies (CBDC), saying they are spy tools for the government to use against their citizens.

NEW – US Senator Marsha Blackburn: CBDCs are a “spy tool” for government control.#Bitcoin is a “very good thing.” 👏 pic.twitter.com/A7ahH4tMfn

— Bitcoin Magazine (@BitcoinMagazine) April 16, 2024

Senator Blackburn is also set to speak at the Bitcoin 2024 Conference in Nashville at the end of the month, further signaling her support for Bitcoin.

ANNOUNCEMENT: United States Senator @MarshaBlackburn will be speaking at Bitcoin 2024! 🇺🇸🏛 pic.twitter.com/twABgJMyGh

— The Bitcoin Conference (@TheBitcoinConf) May 30, 2024

Australia’s leading stock exchange, the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX), has approved listing the second Bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF) on its platform.

BREAKING: 🇦🇺 Australia’s largest stock exchange has approved its second spot #Bitcoin ETF. pic.twitter.com/SY5vIGEm4a

— Bitcoin Magazine (@BitcoinMagazine) July 9, 2024

On July 9th, the ASX gave the green light to digital asset manager DigitalX to launch a spot Bitcoin ETF. The new ETF will begin trading on July 12th under the ticker BTXX.

This comes just weeks after the ASX approved its first Bitcoin ETF in June when it listed the VanEck Bitcoin ETF. The moves follow the successful debut of several Bitcoin ETFs in the U.S. beginning in early 2024.

Australia has been building momentum in Bitcoin ETFs over the past year. The country’s first spot Bitcoin ETF, the 21Shares Bitcoin ETF (EBTC), launched in April 2022 and trades on the Cboe Australia exchange.

Most recently, in June, the Monochrome Bitcoin ETF (IBTC) also began trading on the Cboe. Now, ASX is following suit by approving its second Bitcoin ETF after VanEck’s product became the first last month.

The flurry of new Bitcoin investment vehicles hitting the Australian market reflects the growing interest in Bitcoin exposure. Investors are increasingly looking to gain Bitcoin exposure through regulated fund structures rather than direct ownership.

ETFs provide an easy avenue to invest in the asset class without needing to custody Bitcoin directly. Many expect more countries to approve Bitcoin ETFs as the instruments gain traction and regulatory acceptance expands.

By greenlighting another Bitcoin ETF, Australia’s main securities exchange demonstrates a favourable shift in attitudes toward Bitcoin assets within one of the world’s top financial markets.